Знание
Cobalt Nitrate: A Deep Dive into Its Journey, Properties, and Role in Modern Science
Historical Development
Cobalt nitrate shows up in the records of chemical history as far back as the 19th century, an era when curiosity often met with danger and crude equipment set the stage for discovery. Practical chemists would spend days surrounded by noxious fumes and glassware, observing curious color changes and jotting down detailed notes. Synthetic cobalt compounds emerged as metallurgists optimized ore processing, searching for dependable pigments and new catalysts. Production grew as industrial applications multiplied, starting with the classic cobalt-blue glass and pottery glazes, then moving to new areas like battery technology and laboratory reagents. As scientists learned more about how cobalt ions interact with nitrogen and oxygen, they managed to fine-tune the bright red, crystalline salts that today carry the moniker “cobalt nitrate.” Regulations eventually caught up, trying to protect workers and the environment, but the early pioneers of chemistry paved the way for how we think about both industrial and academic use.
Product Overview
Most of us know cobalt nitrate by its deep garnet-red crystals, prized not for beauty but their reliability. Laboratories store these jars away from sunlight and moisture, always checking for a tight seal. In the world outside labs, industries depend on cobalt nitrate for everything from ceramics to electroplating to precursor chemistry. You find it sold as the hexahydrate, a stable, easy-to-handle form that dissolves readily in water, releasing cobalt(II) and nitrate ions on cue. It doesn’t serve as a showpiece — it’s a true workhorse, central to coloring agents, catalysts, and sometimes as a route to other cobalt chemicals. Over time, manufacturers have dialed in their protocols, pushing for higher purity and smaller batches, recognizing that even tiny impurities tweak its properties.
Physical & Chemical Properties
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate stands out for its brilliant red color, a result of electronic transitions in the cobalt ion. Take a handful of the crystalline salt on a humid day, and it clumps instantly. Touch it, and you feel a coolness, as the water molecules locked inside start to come out. The formula, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, tells the story of a metal core linked to two nitrate groups, surrounded by six water molecules, all crystallized together into delicate needles that can melt and puddle. It dissolves easily in water or alcohol, producing a bright pink solution. Heat kicks out the water around 55°C, leaving behind a blue residue as it decomposes. Oxidizing in nature, cobalt nitrate reacts easily with reducing agents, and the nitrate groups themselves may decompose or even combust under the right circumstances. Storage takes some care, since high humidity or light breaks down the quality of the salt over weeks or months.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Walk into any supply house, and you'll find cobalt nitrate labeled with technical clarity: CAS number 10026-22-9, molecular weight 291.03 g/mol, and purity checks topping 98% for general laboratory use. Labels specify “for analytical use only” or flag impurities in trace metals, silicates, or other salts. Standards for packaging remain strict, with containers crafted of non-reactive plastics or coated glass, always marked with hazard stickers indicating acute toxicity and environmental hazard. Shipping demands secondary containment and clear documentation, as agencies like OSHA and the European Chemicals Agency require detailed labels with batch numbers, expiration dates, and full hazard statements. For cobalt nitrate, there’s no leeway or shortcuts, since accurate labeling underpins everything from research integrity to chemical safety audits.
Preparation Method
Production of cobalt nitrate walks a line between tradition and modern scalability. Most often, industrial operations start with cobalt metal, hydroxide, or oxide, treating these sources with nitric acid under controlled conditions. Exothermic reactions bubble and fume, so ventilation stays critical. For example, cobalt metal meets concentrated nitric acid, producing a cascade of brown gas and dissolving into a deep red solution. From there, the mixture crystallizes as water evaporates, then filtration and drying leave behind the familiar hexahydrate form. Chemists who want a higher-purity salt might repeat recrystallization, using temperature gradients and vacuum drying. Some newer setups favor continuous reactors and inline monitoring to keep the process sustainable and reduce waste streams containing nitrate byproducts.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Cobalt nitrate never sits idle on the shelf. It finds its way into redox reactions, precipitation sequences, and complex synthesis routes. Add sodium carbonate to a solution of cobalt nitrate, you’ll see a blue precipitate of cobalt(II) carbonate. Subject it to heat and you get cobalt(II) oxide, a precursor in battery and catalyst production. Cobalt nitrate acts as a handy oxidizer, especially in organic synthesis or when preparing cobalt-based catalysts. Ligands that bind cobalt ions transform the deep red solution into a rainbow of cobalt complexes, each with distinct structures and colors. Catalysis researchers value this flexibility, as small tweaks in the local environment or solution concentration push cobalt ions into new states, helping build better fuel cells or more efficient chemical transformations. Some research pushes further, using cobalt nitrate for controlled decomposition to create nanostructured cobalt oxides, fueling the next generation of energy storage devices.
Synonyms & Product Names
You might know cobalt nitrate by a handful of names, depending on where you work or study. The chemical catalog lists cobalt(II) nitrate, cobaltous nitrate, nitrocobaltic acid, and the hexahydrate form spelled out as cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate. International product lists add “Nitrate de cobalt,” reflecting French laboratory heritage. At the research level, shorthand like Co(NO3)2 or “cobalt nitrate hex” pops up. It pays to check the documentation and chemical structure diagrams since some users mix up anhydrous with hydrated forms, which differ by nearly a hundred grams per mole and behave differently during reactions.
Safety & Operational Standards
Cobalt nitrate commands respect as a hazardous material. Toxic if inhaled or ingested, it carries risk as both a strong oxidizer and a possible carcinogen. Eyes, skin, and lungs need protection, so gloves and goggles form the baseline barrier. Laboratories depend on fume hoods, ventilation, and rigorous protocols, as nitrate salts can trigger fires under the wrong storage conditions. Disposal follows strict regulations, with cobalt-containing waste treated as hazardous under both local and international law. Chronic exposure links to skin sensitization and lung irritation, flagged in Material Safety Data Sheets underlines the importance of periodic air monitoring. Many institutions offer annual safety training that covers everything from use of personal protective equipment to spill response procedures. Ignoring these steps invites long-term health risks and even fines, so a culture of safety matters as much as technical skill.
Application Area
Cobalt nitrate sits at an industrial crossroads. Ceramicists want its clean, reproducible red colors for porcelain and enamel. In the electronics sector, battery manufacturers pursue it as a precursor for battery cathodes, where fine control over cobalt chemistry defines battery life and performance. Metallurgists use it for surface coatings, anti-corrosion treatments, and as a staple in electroplating, improving the toughness and appearance of automotive and aerospace components. Chemical plants employ cobalt nitrate as a growth media supplement in fermentation, a catalyst in chemical syntheses, or a source of cobalt in magnetic and optical materials. In analytic labs, it finds use as a reference substance, or sometimes as an oxidizer in specialty chemical syntheses. Despite its toxicity, its utility keeps broadening — raising the stakes around safe handling and waste management.
Research & Development
Research on cobalt nitrate continues to accelerate as scientists hunt for new energy solutions, medical technologies, and environmental catalysts. Electrochemists study its decomposition pathways for battery development, aiming for higher capacity and faster charge cycles. Advanced materials groups blend cobalt nitrate with other precursors to synthesize multi-functional nanoparticles or to create complex metal-organic frameworks. In catalysis, researchers explore how varying the ligand environment or reaction conditions changes the behavior of cobalt nitrate on both molecular and nanoscale levels. Others push into greener chemistry, trying to miniaturize production steps or swap out hazardous reagents. Funding agencies have begun supporting work that reduces the environmental impact, whether by capturing and recycling spent cobalt or by finding ways to chemically “freeze out” the nitrate component post-use, slashing nitrate pollution. These innovations lean heavily on both old-school chemical intuition and state-of-the-art analytical tools.
Toxicity Research
Toxicologists do not take cobalt nitrate lightly. Chronic exposure can sensitize skin, irritate airways, or — with higher dosages or frequent contact — lead to organ damage and cancer risk. Most studies concentrate on occupational exposure, tracking workers over time and collecting biological samples to monitor cobalt accumulation. Nitrate ions themselves add complexity, as they can contribute to methemoglobinemia, impacting the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Animal trials and cell culture investigations have outlined some of the mechanisms at play, especially around cobalt-induced oxidative stress and its link to DNA damage. Regulatory bodies have responded with stricter workplace standards, setting exposure limits and demanding sophisticated air filtration systems in production settings. Most experts agree the risks rise with poor ventilation, bad housekeeping, and lapses in using protective gear. Current research also looks at the ecological fate of spilled or discarded cobalt nitrate, recognizing that its mobility in water threatens aquatic health and those who depend on affected water sources.
Future Prospects
Cobalt nitrate stands poised at the edge of new technological frontiers, especially as electric vehicles and renewable energy push demand for better batteries and catalysts. Companies and governments now invest in recycling routes, closing the loop on cobalt use and tackling shortages and geopolitical risks tied to raw materials. Academic researchers chip away at cobalt’s toxicity problems, searching for modifications that keep the beneficial reactivity without the downside. Some teams focus on alternatives or cobalt mimics, but cobalt nitrate’s balance of reactivity and stability keeps it popular despite regulatory hurdles. Efforts to minimize its impact — like recovery systems for spent solutions, or lower-cobalt-content batteries — gather momentum. There’s also growing pressure to improve traceability and ethical sourcing, so each step in the product’s lifecycle gets scrutinized. Looking ahead, cobalt nitrate’s role in both research and industry will depend as much on responsible stewardship and innovation as on chemistry itself.
The Role in Battery Technology
The world talks a lot about batteries these days. Every time I see an electric car glide quietly down the street, I think about the alchemy happening under the hood. Cobalt nitrate plays a part in the production of many types of rechargeable batteries. Companies depend on it to create the cobalt compounds needed for cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. These cathodes help store energy and keep your device running longer. The performance of these batteries links directly to the materials used. Without cobalt nitrate, the efficiency drops off, and so does the battery’s lifespan. I’ve seen tech companies source cobalt nitrate carefully, knowing it ties right to the reliability of everything from smartphones to power tools.
Catalysis in Chemical Production
Walk into a lab, and you’ll spot bottles of cobalt nitrate on the shelves. Chemistry teachers and researchers use it all the time. In many chemical plants, cobalt nitrate acts as a catalyst. It speeds up reactions involved in manufacturing pigments and some types of plastics. I remember sitting with a process engineer who explained how adding cobalt nitrate shaved hours off a week’s production time. That’s a huge deal for factories trying to cut costs and keep up with orders. These catalysts also find their way into the creation of inks, dyes, and even certain pharmaceutical compounds. Removing or replacing cobalt nitrate often means more work for less product.
Glass and Ceramics Coloration
Coloring glassware or ceramic tiles seems simple. But the deep blue tints you find in vases and art pieces usually come from cobalt compounds. Cobalt nitrate gives glassmakers and ceramic artists a way to layer vivid colors into their work. I once toured a studio that produced stained glass windows for cathedrals. They relied on cobalt nitrate to create that signature rich blue you can spot from across the room. Museums and restoration teams often use it to match shades in old mosaics or antique pottery.
Laboratory Education and Testing
I’ve noticed cobalt nitrate’s regular use in chemistry classrooms and teaching labs. Educators use it to show students real reactions: flame tests, qualitative analysis, and the basics of transition metal chemistry. When dropped onto a flame, cobalt nitrate burns with a distinctive color, helping students remember the presence of cobalt in compounds. For many young scientists, that first demonstration sticks with them long after. Teachers want to show chemical principles in action, and cobalt nitrate delivers clear results every time.
Hazards and Solutions for Safer Use
Cobalt nitrate does pose some health and environmental risks. Breathing in the dust or letting it leak into water supplies can cause harm. It’s a concern for workers in factories or labs, and it sticks in my mind whenever I hear about chemical safety. Regulations now demand better ventilation systems, closed containers, and protective equipment for anyone handling the material. Companies work harder to recycle cobalt from used batteries, which cuts down on mining and helps protect both people and the planet. Researchers are also checking out ways to replace cobalt with less risky materials, especially in battery manufacturing. It’ll take time, but the push for safer alternatives never stops.
Final Thoughts
Cobalt nitrate gets treated like a behind-the-scenes player in modern industry and science. Its uses touch everyday products and pieces of art alike. Finding ways to keep its production and application safe stays just as important as discovering new places to use it. I’ve learned to respect chemicals like this one—not just for what they can do, but for the responsibility that comes with them.
Everyday Chemicals, Hidden Hazards
A bright red salt, Cobalt Nitrate lands in textbooks and labs. At a glance, it looks almost harmless. In reality, it attracts attention for the wrong reasons. Labs, factories, and metalwork spaces rely on it for pigmenting glass and ceramics, or prepping catalysts. But beneath the surface, health risks follow it from the moment the bag opens.
Touch, Breathe, Swallow—Where the Danger Starts
From the start of my years in chemistry, gloves and goggles never felt optional. Cobalt compounds taught me this lesson fast. A pinch of Cobalt Nitrate turns hands red, smells faintly acrid. Too much contact, and fingers itch, rash appears, and skin cracks. Cobalt allergies don’t stay rare for long after repeated handling. The science backs it up: documented cases trace eczema, asthma, and sensitization back to work in factories and labs handling cobalt salts.
Dangers rise with airborne dust or mist. It floats unseen, but the nose catches on soon—irritation, coughing. Long-term inhalation writes a more worrying story: studies with workers show cobalt dust links to occupation-related asthma and scarring of lung tissue, a condition called hard metal disease. Inhalation moves cobalt from the lungs to the bloodstream, spreading its effects further than you’d suspect from a lab bench accident.
Down the Line: Cancer and the Body's Hidden Burden
Cobalt Nitrate holds a spot on the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s list of possible carcinogens. Animal studies show cobalt compounds push the risk of cancer in the lungs and other organs. Human data isn’t as thick, but countries still flag Cobalt Nitrate as a substance that could increase cancer risk with regular exposure. The trouble with cancer risks lies in their subtlety—damage builds up, quiet and slow, and often gets found too late.
Once swallowed, Cobalt Nitrate irritates the stomach and intestines. High doses lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, even nerve problems. Over the years, cobalt put into beer for foam stabilization famously triggered heart damage in heavy drinkers. Many haven’t forgotten the lesson.
What Happens Next—From Rules to Routines
No one wins by pretending Cobalt Nitrate brings no risks. In many places, organizations adopt strict limits on airborne cobalt levels. In my work, air monitoring equipment stands close to benches. Simple habits save trouble—wash hands, wear a mask, keep the workspace tidy. Emergency showers and clear labeling give one more layer of safety.
Medical checkups matter as much as gloves. Some companies offer routine blood tests to spot cobalt accumulation early. For people with asthma, avoiding cobalt salts almost always makes breathing easier. Alternatives exist for some applications, but switching means retooling processes—not something every plant can do instantly.
The Balance Between Progress and Prudence
Cobalt Nitrate can’t just be replaced in every job yet. That doesn’t mean the risks go ignored. The best shield isn’t just equipment—it’s knowledge, attention to detail, and a healthy respect for what minerals can do to the body over years of exposure. Cobalt Nitrate tells a story seen in labs everywhere: progress costs something unless health and safety lead every step.
Cobalt Nitrate Is Serious Business
Cobalt nitrate has a bright, almost shocking purple-red color that can catch the eye of anyone working in a lab. This chemical looks less intimidating than it should. I’ve been around enough labs to know that looks never tell the full story. Stored the wrong way, cobalt nitrate can become more than just a staining agent or research chemical—it can turn risky fast. Safety in storage doesn’t just protect chemicals, it protects people.
Staying Ahead of Moisture and Spills
This compound likes to pull in moisture from the air. Leave the lid loose, and before long, you’re looking at clumped, soggy crystals that could spill. Damp cobalt nitrate can lead to dangerous conditions. It forms acids, which eat through shelves, containers, and even your gloves. After seeing a container ooze its way through a cardboard box, I never store anything like this near paper or permeable shelves. A tight-sealed, corrosion-resistant container, often made from glass or high-grade plastic, goes a long way. Every time you see a granule on the lab bench that shouldn’t be there, it’s a reminder that a little extra caution stops much bigger problems.
A Cool, Calm Place Matters More Than You Think
Cobalt nitrate doesn’t catch fire on its own, but it helps things burn faster by feeding oxygen to a flame. Mixing up storage with flammable or organic materials is asking for sparks—or worse. I’ve seen storage rooms get reorganized, and suddenly all the oxidizers stand next to solvents. One spilled bottle, one forgotten label, and the setup goes from organized to outright hazardous. You want a dry, cool space, locked up, away from anything that can burn easily. Metal cabinets designed to hold oxidizers make a real difference—just check for leaks and rust.
Label Every Container Like Your Life Depends On It
It’s easy to look at a row of jars and think you’ll remember what you put where. That confidence evaporates the day two chemicals swap places, and you wind up guessing which one gets handled with gloves and which needs a fume hood. Right labeling, clear hazard symbols, and a logbook kept close by seem like paperwork chores, but they save real pain. I know colleagues who ended up with skin rashes and ruined equipment from one simple mix-up. Log what’s there, and make sure everyone understands what’s inside and what to do if something goes wrong.
Planning for Emergencies Is No Joke
Stories come up about cobalt nitrate accidents and most end the same way—someone thought a minor spill was nothing. That attitude puts everyone in the room at risk. An eyewash station, a chemical shower, and spill kits should never sit in a utility closet gathering dust. Regular drills, clear spill instructions, and written emergency contacts help keep heads cool under stress. I once watched someone freeze up during a minor leak because they didn’t know where to run. Training turns confusion into action, which saves time and, potentially, lives.
Solutions Start With Habits
Caring for cobalt nitrate means building smart habits into the routine. Secure, sealed, labeled containers—always. Keep it far from heat and things that might catch fire. Label and log every jar and bottle. Know what to do before something goes wrong. The right setup turns a risky chemical into a tool, not a threat. Diligence in storage isn’t just a checklist for audits. It’s a real commitment to every hand, eye, and lung in the room. That matters, every single day.
Getting to Know Cobalt Nitrate
Cobalt nitrate carries the chemical formula Co(NO3)2. You see this compound pop up in labs and classrooms because it helps with a wide range of chemical reactions. Sometimes on the shelf, it appears as a striking red-pink powder or those large, jewel-like crystals—eye-catching, even for people who don’t spend much time around chemicals.
Where Science and Daily Life Meet
This stuff isn’t just for show. In my own experience, I’ve noticed cobalt nitrate in water treatment lessons, where it gets used as a source of cobalt ions. It’s also vital for folks making catalysts—used in refining petroleum, producing dyes, and prepping magnetic materials. These cobalt ions play a serious role in modern industry, helping improve products most people rely on every single day.
Why the Formula Matters
The exact formula, Co(NO3)2, should never end up an afterthought. One missed number or letter in a formula can mean a disastrous—and sometimes dangerous—mistake. I recall stories from chemists who doubled down on safety routines because one misread label led to an unexpected reaction. In this case, each cobalt atom bonds with two nitrate groups. Getting that right means safe and reliable results, especially when experimenting or mixing industrial batches.
Drawbacks and Risks
Cobalt nitrate deserves caution. It dissolves in water easily, so spills can spread, and those scarlet crystals can irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs. I once spilled a small pinch during a college class, and learned fast that gloves and goggles aren’t a suggestion—they’re life-saving gear. Overexposure—breathing in the dust or getting it on skin—can lead to severe health issues after repeated contact.
Health organizations—OSHA and the CDC—have strict guidelines for workplaces using this compound. Scientific research points to long-term risks, including links to cancer and cardiovascular trouble for workers exposed too often. Families living near factories have reason to care about those rules, since run-off or spills sometimes affect water and soil.
Balancing Use and Safety
Practical steps make a big difference. Labs should store cobalt nitrate in sealed containers, away from heat and incompatible chemicals. Spill kits—filled with absorbent pads and neutralizers—should sit nearby in any spot using the compound. Labeling matters just as much, with clear warnings to keep even experienced hands from getting careless.
Regular checks—air quality monitors, health screenings—build trust for workers and surrounding communities. People on factory floors know something most outsiders forget: a single moment’s inattention can lead to weeks—or months—of cleanup and pain.
Better and Safer Chemistry
Some industries have started using less hazardous chemicals where possible. Still, cobalt nitrate plays a unique part in science and tech, so safe habits aren’t going out of style. Regular education and strict policy enforcement help reduce dangers. Anyone handling chemicals should know not only what they’re working with, but why it matters—and how everyday choices protect everyone’s well-being.
The Real Dangers Behind Cobalt Nitrate
Cobalt nitrate carries a reputation in the lab and manufacturing settings for more than just staining fingertips pinkish-red. It combines two hazards: toxicity and strong oxidizing potential. Toss a little water into the mix, and you’ve got yourself a real headache for containment. Breathing dust, getting the chemical on skin, or letting it soak through shoes sets off waves of trouble that echo beyond the job site.
Over the years, I’ve seen bright beginners forget that spilled powder or liquid likes to travel farther than expected. One stray scoop, a careless reach, and suddenly the spill spreads. Health risks don’t wait for neatness—cobalt compounds can irritate lungs, aggravate asthma, and bring cancer threats with repeated exposures. In settings where gloves hang loose and goggles stay on the bench, failure to react properly doesn’t just break the rules—it breaks trust with coworkers.
Immediate Actions Speak Louder Than Signs
The clock starts ticking fast with any spill. Ignore the mess, and it becomes tomorrow’s crisis. Fill the air with dust or let solution seep through grout, and you’ll spend days tracking down contamination. The minute cobalt nitrate hits the floor, people in the area should pause and take stock. Quick steps—alerting others, throwing open the spill kit, shutting down foot traffic—work better than any poster ever will.
Solid spills call for dampening the powder. Spraying a fine mist stops that reddish dust from floating up where you breathe. For liquids, the trick is absorbing with something sturdy—commercial pads, not paper towels. There’s no glory in “eyeballing” the situation or playing tough. Full-face shields, chemical gloves, and proper aprons keep the solution away from skin and lungs. Risking exposure for speed never ends well.
Containment and Cleanup Require Care
Grab the wrong broom or a fluffy rag, and you push the mess around instead of cleaning it up. Designated spill material—think vermiculite or specialized absorbents—doesn’t dissolve or react, so it works well for cobalt nitrate. Scooping up the contaminated material, you drop it into labeled chemical waste bins—not the regular trash. Someone handling disposal later down the line deserves that much consideration.
A rinse with plenty of water finished with thorough soap scrubbing takes the poison off your hands. The space needs a careful check for hidden droplets and stray dust under benches. The smallest oversight leaves a long-term health hazard behind. Proper recordkeeping makes a difference too, since health and safety officers need full transparency for training and prevention later on.
The Bigger Picture: Strong Habits Save Lives
Good spill response starts long before trouble strikes. Clear training, ready access to personal protective equipment, and honest conversation about accidents form the backbone of a healthy workplace culture. People work best when they know their colleagues watch out for sloppy shortcuts. No lab, shop, or classroom gets it right every time, but admitting mistakes and learning from close calls matter far more than finger-pointing.
Cobalt nitrate doesn’t let anyone cut corners. Respecting the risks and teaching new folks with stories—real-life “what happened to me”—sinks in much deeper than a forgotten slideshow. In the end, everyone gets to go home intact, clothes unmarked, skin unharmed—a result worth the effort every time.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Cobalt dinitrate |
| Other names |
Nitric acid cobalt(2+) salt
Cobaltous nitrate Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt dinitrate Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate |
| Pronunciation | /kəʊˌbælt ˈnaɪ.treɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 10141-05-6 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1906698 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:77761 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1201492 |
| ChemSpider | 14444 |
| DrugBank | DB11268 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.284 |
| EC Number | 233-402-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 62240 |
| KEGG | C00264 |
| MeSH | D003054 |
| PubChem CID | 24586 |
| RTECS number | GF9590000 |
| UNII | OL659KIY4S |
| UN number | UN1477 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Co(NO3)2 |
| Molar mass | 182.943 g/mol |
| Appearance | reddish-brown crystalline solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 2.49 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Very soluble |
| log P | -1.2 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.5 |
| Basicity (pKb) | pKb: 8.2 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | +1300.0e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.92 |
| Dipole moment | 4.6 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 148.4 J⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -237.0 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -285.9 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | V08CA03 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Oxidizing, harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye irritation, may cause an allergic skin reaction, may cause cancer, suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child, toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS06, GHS08, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS03,GHS07,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H272, H302, H332, H350, H341, H360F, H315, H319, H317, H334, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P221, P264, P270, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362+P364, P370+P378, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-3-0 OX |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat: 424 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral-rat LD50: 691 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | WA2275000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 0.1 mg/m3 |
| REL (Recommended) | 3 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 25 mg/m3 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) sulfate Nickel nitrate |
