Знание
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Past, Present, and Future
Historical Development
Copper sulfate pentahydrate carries a story that stretches back centuries. Alchemists and early chemists noticed blue vitriol’s vibrant color and discovered its use in coloring and preservation long before modern chemistry unpacked its molecular secrets. By the 18th century, manufacturers extracted and purified it for practical applications, turning a natural curiosity into an industrial necessity. In my own lab experiences, handling this material always felt like connecting with generations of chemists who once saw copper sulfate as an essential chemical to run foundational experiments. Early records show that copper sulfate played a major role in both European and Asian dyeing and tanning industries and, by the 19th century, agriculture had adopted it as a powerful tool against mold or fungi.
Product Overview
Copper sulfate pentahydrate comes as striking blue crystals and sits among the most recognizable inorganic compounds. Its formula, CuSO4·5H2O, reflects a stable hydrate form containing five water molecules for every copper sulfate unit. Most labs across continents depend on it, whether to teach simple chemical reactions or to disinfect water. Companies source it for everything from swimming pool maintenance to animal feed additives or even electroplating operations. High purity grades cater to the microelectronics and reagent markets, while agricultural and industrial grades serve broader commercial needs. The dual focus on large batch and small specialty orders keeps producers on their toes, striving for consistent product that stays clear of contamination.
Physical & Chemical Properties
One thing you notice about copper sulfate pentahydrate is how it stands out visually—those deep blue crystals, thanks to the complex interplay between copper ions and water molecules, are hard to miss. It melts around 110°C, losing water, and by 150°C, it’s transformed into the anhydrous white powder form. It dissolves readily in water and also in methanol and glycerol, but resists dissolving in ethanol or acetone. The strong solubility in water makes it easy to prepare precise solutions for use in analytical chemistry. I’ve measured its density at about 2.28 g/cm3, and it sits just on the edge of being mildly acidic when dissolved. Its signature color results from the d-d transitions of the copper ions—an easy but rewarding experiment to run for students learning about electronic structure.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Retail and industrial packaging for copper sulfate pentahydrate focuses on purity, moisture content, and physical appearance. High-grade products require a copper content near 25% and minimal impurities like iron or arsenic. Standards differ slightly by country, but UN pictograms and specific hazard statements routinely remind users to avoid contact with skin, eyes, and foodstuffs. Common labeling includes warnings linked to aquatic toxicity. My shelves run with labels not only in the languages of suppliers but in pictorial codes to reach global users. For shipping, regulations tie back to hazard class 9 under UN 3077—exact handling instructions bring home the point that working safely requires attention at every stage, from warehouse to field or classroom.
Preparation Method
Producers make copper sulfate pentahydrate on an industrial scale by treating copper metal, copper oxide, or copper carbonate with hot, concentrated sulfuric acid. In small laboratories, I’ve often generated it by dissolving copper turnings in diluted sulfuric acid while gently heating the solution. The deep blue crystals crystallize as the reaction mixture cools or evaporates. One of the more satisfying experiments for any young chemist, this process requires monitoring for excess acid, impurities, and appropriate crystallization rates. To scale up, manufacturers feed sulfuric acid over copper scraps, filter out unreacted solids, and concentrate the solution so that those characteristic blue crystals form, ready for harvesting. Pressure and temperature controls prevent contamination from iron and ensure consistent crystal size.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Copper sulfate reacts with a variety of other chemicals, lending itself to many classic test-tube demonstrations. For example, adding sodium hydroxide creates a striking blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide, a transformation that often marks a student’s first encounter with transition metal chemistry. Mixing it with ammonia forms deep blue coordination complexes, which some reagents use to test for the presence of sugar or proteins. On the industrial side, copper sulfate acts as a catalyst in organic syntheses, sometimes modifying it with ligands to tweak its selectivity. Over the years, I’ve prepared it in solutions with hydrogen peroxide and watched its oxidative power at work, speeding up otherwise sluggish transformations and allowing for newer, faster processes.
Synonyms & Product Names
People know copper sulfate pentahydrate by many names: blue vitriol, Roman vitriol, bluestone, and even copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate in the strict modern nomenclature. Certain brands lean into its agricultural use, selling as “Fungicidal Blue” or “Bluestone Crystals,” often carrying registration numbers to track origin and batch. Academic texts sometimes refer to it as cupric sulfate. These diverse names reflect cultural and regional differences but point to the same key product, a sign of its truly global adoption and utility.
Safety & Operational Standards
Working with copper sulfate pentahydrate means respecting its potential harm. It avoids the acute dangers of stronger oxidizers or acids, but copper salts carry risks of poisoning, skin irritation, and eye injury. Over my career, I’ve drilled regular safety reviews: gloves at every stage, fume hoods for powder handling, clear segregation from food preparatory areas. The product’s environmental profile drives home the need for careful waste management—copper ions are toxic to aquatic life, and spills demand prompt response. Industrial sites use dedicated containment and emergency shutdown protocols, and labs stay ready with chelating agents just in case. Storage remains another key step; dry, sealed containers prevent unwanted absorption of moisture or contamination.
Application Area
Agriculture claims the largest share of copper sulfate use. Farmers rely on it as a fungicide, particularly for grapes, potatoes, and melons, mixing it into Bordeaux mixture or other formulations to keep fungal blights at bay. My own garden saw better yields after well-controlled copper sulfate spraying, though the talk around resistance and toxicity signals changing times. Water treatment plants, keen to avoid algae or bacterial buildup, dose their tanks with carefully titrated solutions. Electroplating shops use it as an electrolyte source; here, purity and flow rates set the tone for shiny metalwork. Textile industries still count on its powerful dye-setting capabilities, and labs old and new turn to it for classic blue crystal experiments. In animal husbandry, copper sulfate appears in feed supplements, driving careful balance to avoid deficiency while watching for the dangers of overexposure.
Research & Development
Every year brings fresh questions about how to improve copper sulfate pentahydrate or unlock new uses. Researchers dig into its coordination chemistry, scanning for ligands or structures that boost performance or unlock safer forms. Advances in nanotechnology look at copper sulfate as a precursor for copper-based catalysts or nanoparticles. In environmental chemistry circles, work focuses on removing copper ions from waste streams or safely recycling spent solutions, sometimes linking with advances in bioremediation. Collaborative efforts between universities and industry aim to create hybrid materials—combining copper chemistry with organic frameworks to generate sensors, catalysts, or antimicrobial coatings. Each phase of research cycles back to safety and sustainability, with the community always watching for unwanted impacts on workers, consumers, or the food chain.
Toxicity Research
Copper sulfate’s toxicity is well recorded, both for people and the environment. Ingesting even small amounts proves dangerous, causing gastrointestinal distress or, at higher doses, liver and kidney damage. Lab animals exposed to high copper sulfate concentrations developed key symptoms: anemia, tissue necrosis, or impaired growth. Workers exposed over extended periods report contact dermatitis or respiratory irritation—a problem that led to stricter safety standards and regular medical screenings. Environmentalists point to copper’s persistence in soil and waterways. Here wildlife or insects encounter chronic exposure, sometimes leading to population shifts or unforeseen long-term effects. Toxicology studies examine both acute and chronic risks, pushing industry to limit exposure, cut emissions, and monitor copper buildup in food chains.
Future Prospects
Copper sulfate pentahydrate faces a crossroads. On one hand, it anchors modern agriculture and industry; on the other, rising scrutiny around toxicity and environmental impact pushes manufacturers toward tighter controls and cleaner waste handling. Some hope rests in innovative delivery methods—coatings or nanoformulations designed to reduce copper runoff. In my own experience, pilot studies now focus on precise dosing and slow-release forms, merging chemistry with smart engineering. There is a growing interest in replacing conventional copper salts with biodegradable or low-toxicity alternatives, especially in sensitive crops or conservation areas. Circular chemistry approaches—recycling copper from industrial or agricultural waste—could help close the loop. The ongoing research highlights a core truth in chemistry: no solution remains static, and continued effort opens new opportunities for safer, smarter materials.
Standing in the Fields and Beyond
Most folks who have driven past a farm have probably seen sacks of blue crystals sitting in the barns. That’s copper sulfate pentahydrate—a mouthful of a name, but something with a lot of uses. I picked up on this during summers with my uncle, who farmed tomatoes and wheat. He kept it around, not just for one job, but plenty.
Tackling Crop Troubles
Farmers lean on copper sulfate pentahydrate to fight fungal diseases. Blight and mildew can wipe out whole crops fast if left unchecked. It gets mixed into fungicide sprays or dusted onto plants, where it stops spores dead in their tracks. Some vineyards rely on it as part of the famous Bordeaux mixture, keeping grapevines free from downy mildew.
There’s more to it, though. Copper is an essential nutrient for plants, but soil doesn’t always have enough. The blue crystals supplement soil nutrition, helping stave off deficiencies. Crops like wheat or beans need trace amounts to grow strong. Without copper, young shoots wilt and leaves curl at the edges—my uncle dealt with that during a dry season, and copper sulfate brought things back in just a few weeks.
Safeguarding Water Supplies
Algae blooms turn small lakes into a mess—thick, green, toxic mats floating on the surface. People who manage reservoirs and golf course ponds spread a pinch of copper sulfate into the water to kill off algae fast. The copper ions disrupt the cell walls of algae, halting their growth and stopping that rotten smell.
This crystal also steps up for swimming pools, keeping water clear. In schools and hotels, maintenance crews dose it carefully to keep the blue water sparkling. Care matters—a heavy hand can harm fish or tip the copper balance in natural waters.
Health, Science, and Odd Jobs
In laboratories, students and chemists use copper sulfate pentahydrate for chemistry experiments, from demonstrating crystal formation to testing for reducing sugars. It helps new generations get hands-on experience with elements and compounds, like solving puzzles that lay the foundation for professions in science or medicine.
Walk into a livestock farm, and you’ll see it doing another job. Copper sulfate solutions clean hooves, stopping hoof rot in sheep and cattle. Some animal feeds include trace copper to ensure healthy growth, although regulations cap how much gets added.
Metalworkers might remember blue crystals for a different reason. Plating and etching processes rely on copper sulfate. It helps coat objects with a shiny copper layer or engrave patterns onto metal surfaces, especially in small repair shops or craftsman studios.
Treading Carefully
Copper sulfate’s benefits only come with respect. Too much can scorch plants or poison fish and invertebrates in streams. Farmers test their soils before using it, balancing advantages with risks. Water utilities stick to strict rules about dosing to protect wildlife.
Folks using it for home projects must read the labels and stay mindful—not just to avoid accidental poisoning, but to keep their gardens, pets, and local streams healthy.
Looking Ahead
Researchers keep exploring ways to limit copper buildup and find precise application methods. Newer, biological controls for plant diseases aim to partner with copper sulfate without crowding it out completely. It takes effort to put old tools to smart use, but copper sulfate pentahydrate remains a fixture, not only for its color but for steady work serving people and the land.
Looking at Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Copper sulfate pentahydrate pops up everywhere. You see its bright blue color in school science labs, garden stores, even swimming pools. People pour it on roots, sprinkle it into ponds, and dissolve it for chemistry lessons. With so many uses, safety questions always come up, especially from parents, workers, and teachers. My own time with chemical supplies in both small and large settings taught me how easily people underestimate everyday substances just because they’re familiar.
Understanding Real-World Dangers
Scoop up a handful of copper sulfate crystals and you’ll notice a gritty feel, some dust, no smell. Skin contact sometimes causes irritation and rashes, especially after working with it for a while. Some colleagues have experienced this firsthand. If it gets in your eyes, the sting is memorable. That said, the bigger problem comes if someone breathes in the dust or swallows the crystals. Headaches, stomach cramps, nausea — these are real symptoms, not just textbook warnings. The U.S. National Institutes of Health report cases of severe poisoning among children who mistook it for candy or adults who cared too little for the risks. Inhaling copper sulfate can harm the respiratory system. Eating enough of it brings on vomiting and, rarely, organ damage. Pets and wildlife also suffer, particularly if copper sulfate ends up in water sources.
Everyday Safety Practices
Tools and advice help keep risks at bay. Gloves, goggles, and a dust mask matter more than many folks think. In my own garage, I’ve learned that gloves aren't about fear or fussiness – they just keep irritation away, which means I can finish up without regretting it later. Washing hands right after use makes a difference, as does making sure you never eat, drink, or touch your face while working. Keeping copper sulfate out of reach of children and pets takes zero effort and prevents disaster. Teachers need good storage, clear warnings, and the kind of supervision that never feels over-the-top in the classroom. For large operations – agriculture, pools, water treatment – workers get safety training and know to ventilate their workspaces well, so dust doesn’t build up.
The Bigger Picture: Health and the Environment
Most accidents stem from people ignoring the label or not having clear instructions. Companies and schools must offer better training. Safety data sheets and labels describe the risks in plain words, but those sheets only work if people read them. Sometimes people rush, skip basic precautions, or even store the container within easy reach of kids. If more stories about chemical mishaps made headlines, perhaps the message would hit home.
Chemicals like copper sulfate enter streams and soil, sometimes by accident or carelessness. Over time, copper accumulates and harms fish, frogs, and insects. Municipalities restrict how much can reach public water. Growers using copper fungicides reduce runoff with barriers, careful application, and following rules from local environmental agencies. Doing chemistry or gardening at home, responsibility means thinking through disposal. Never wash leftover chemical down the drain. Your local hazardous waste center provides a better solution.
Safe Handling Depends on Attitude and Action
Handling copper sulfate pentahydrate safely has everything to do with respect — for your own health, for others, for the natural world. Gloves and goggles protect against scrapes today and illness tomorrow. Even the smallest bag deserves attention, and a moment’s care makes all the difference. Stories of accidental poisonings and environmental damage show the cost of treating chemistry as harmless. Treat every blue crystal with the seriousness you’d use for any powerful tool, and the odds always tilt in your favor.
Why Storage Methods Matter
Copper sulfate pentahydrate turns up in everything from gardening to chemistry classrooms. Because it comes in bright blue crystals, it’s easy to think of it as harmless. Truth is, careless storage can stir up plenty of trouble for homes, schools, farms, and even the folks handling it.
Moisture, Air, and Contamination
This compound absorbs water from the air. Left uncapped or stuck in a humid corner, the crystals will clump and degrade. The color fades, the structure can break down, and what’s left behind isn’t always useful for its original purpose. On top of that, moisture opens the door to chemical changes—sometimes creating sulfuric acid, which poses another layer of risk.
A good storage plan starts simple: airtight containers. High-density polyethylene or glass jars seal better than flimsy bags. If you’ve ever tried to break apart a rock-hard chunk from a poorly sealed box, you know why this matters. Tightly sealed jars prevent air and water from creeping in, preserving its quality and avoiding unnecessary mess.
Safe Location
Curiosity pulls kids and pets toward bright blue crystals, so tucking containers out of sight—well above eye level, behind a lock, or inside a secured cabinet—prevents accidental contact, spills, or ingestion. I’ve talked to farmers who discovered just how fast a spilled scoop can scatter. Clean storage spaces, away from food, feed, and livestock, cut down on accidents and save money.
Heat and Direct Light
Direct sunlight and heat will speed up deterioration. Most garages and garden sheds swing between chilly and sweltering, so picking a spot with steady, cool temperatures preserves the crystals. In my own work, keeping chemicals in a shaded cupboard inside a climate-controlled room has avoided countless headaches, especially during summer.
Labeling: Clarity for Everyone
Mislabeling causes confusion later. If you reuse jars or buckets, slap a sturdy label on the front: “Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate” plus hazard warnings. This step helps anyone—family, coworkers, emergency responders—know what’s inside. Even in a small operation, mistakes around chemicals often trace back to missing or faded labels.
Dealing with Spills and Waste
Any chemical makes a mess at some point. For copper sulfate pentahydrate, spill control works best with gloves and a dustpan instead of a broom or vacuum. The dust can irritate the skin and lungs. Never toss leftover or spilled crystals into the drain or compost—it’s toxic to aquatic life and lingers in soil. Local hazardous waste programs often accept small amounts.
What Proper Storage Looks Like
Daily routines build safer habits in science labs, greenhouses, and homes. I’ve seen schools keep their supply in labeled glass jars, stored in a locked steel cabinet. Small farms sometimes use heavy-duty plastic containers on high shelves, away from curious hands. No matter the setting, extra attention early on keeps the product usable, prevents harm, and protects the environment.
Better Results, Less Risk
Taking a few minutes to store copper sulfate pentahydrate in a dry, cool, locked spot shields people, pets, and nature. It also means the chemical works as it should—every time you reach for it.
Everyday Touchpoints and Risks
Copper sulfate pentahydrate has made its way into many corners of daily life. It lurks in school chemistry labs, pops up in wood preservation, and crops up on farms as a fungicide and pesticide. Sitting on a shelf, it looks harmless—blue crystals bagged up or bottled, often stored with the rest of the chemicals. That’s the first problem. The striking blue color draws attention, which can make kids curious. Sometimes, even adults don’t realize how toxic it can get.
Skin and Eye Worries
Contact with skin usually feels like a mild irritation—a burning or itching, nothing spectacular. But given enough exposure, it burns deeper and causes rashes or even blistering. A single spill on bare skin during lab work once made me curse the stuff. It stings and stains the skin with a faint blue-green tinge that takes hours to wash off. Eyes react much worse. A splash leads to intense pain and could damage vision permanently, no questions asked.
Breathing and Ingesting the Crystals
Copper sulfate dust drifts through the air with careless handling. Breathing in even a little bit can irritate the nose and lungs. I’ve watched students cough and rub their noses with red, watery eyes after lifting a lid too quickly. Mixing it with water or pouring it from one container to another means blue dust collects on hands and clothes.
Eating or drinking copper sulfate is where the hazard multiplies. Swallowing even a small amount leads to nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Enough of the compound, and the results are more sinister: internal bleeding, liver and kidney damage, or even death in severe cases. Kids and animals seem particularly vulnerable here—pets have died after licking up spills, and cases of poisoning show up in hospitals every year.
Long-Term Effects
Working around copper sulfate can quietly wear away at health. Over time, repeated or significant exposure may build up copper in the body. This can trigger anemia, damage the liver or kidneys, and cause neurological issues. A farmer once told me about headaches and muscle weakness that disappeared when he stopped using copper-based sprays. Long-term problems appear slowly and seem tough to trace back until it’s too late.
Environmental Problems
Copper sulfate doesn’t stay put. Rinsing equipment after field spraying or dumping solutions down the drain leads straight into waterways. Fish, aquatic insects, and even plants suffer. In some communities, copper levels spiked high enough to shut down fishing for a season. Once, after a local stream turned oddly blue, biologists traced the problem back to a single orchard dumping wash water nearby.
Finding Practical Solutions
Protecting people and the environment starts with basic safety measures. Gloves and goggles work better than bare hands, and fume hoods can contain drifting dust in labs. Farmers and groundskeepers do best with closed mixing systems and by checking weather reports to prevent runoff into nearby streams.
Education sticks, more than warning labels or paperwork. Holding up a scoop of blue crystals in a schoolroom, I walk students through real stories of injury, and that memory lasts longer than any “Danger” sign. Keeping copper sulfate pentahydrate locked up—away from kids, animals, and anyone untrained—makes a difference. Substituting less toxic alternatives where possible reduces risk for everyone.
A Down-to-Earth Look at a Classic Farm Chemical
Copper sulfate pentahydrate has a long track record in the farming community. Anyone who’s walked the aisles of a co-op or hardware store has seen blue crystals tucked alongside fertilizers and seed stock. Farmers use it for a handful of good reasons, but it’s not a cure-all.
The Role Copper Plays in Plant and Animal Health
Crops and pastures need copper in small amounts. Peas, grains, and corn don’t grow right without it. Leaves may turn yellow, and plants just don’t look healthy. Some areas, like the sandy soils of the Midwest or Australia, test low for copper. Spreading a measured amount of copper sulfate helps fix this. The mineral helps enzymes do their job and lets plants take in nutrients better. Science has shown that copper deficiencies drop yields and hurt food quality.
Livestock health also depends on copper. Adding copper sulfate to feed or mineral blocks keeps cattle, sheep, and goats from getting sick — but it’s easy to go overboard. Too much can poison animals, especially sheep. Farms use careful testing and mixing to avoid problems. Animal nutritionists recommend mixing to match the actual needs of the herd, factoring in breed and forage content.
Copper Sulfate Fights Fungi and Algae
The most familiar use for copper sulfate in crop fields and orchards is as a fungicide. Mildew, blight, and other diseases ruin crops and cost growers money. For over a century, “Bordeaux mixture” — copper sulfate and lime — has protected grapes, potatoes, and fruit trees from fungal attacks. Farmers spray it before diseases get out of control.
Waterways, ponds, and even rice paddies sometimes turn bright green from algae. A small dose of copper sulfate knocks back outbreaks, keeping irrigation running smoothly. Still, overapplication risks killing more than just algae. Fish and aquatic life take a hit if copper piles up in water. Following label rates and local guidelines keeps copper’s benefits on target without creating an environmental headache.
Environmental Concerns and Soil Balance
A major concern comes from copper building up in soil. Heavy, repeated applications hurt the tiny bugs and worms that keep soil healthy. Over time, copper sticks around and doesn’t wash away easily, so farmers test soil before adding more. Too much copper stunts growth and damages roots. Some researchers have linked excess copper to reduced yields in subsequent plantings.
I remember my grandfather rotating between different fields and skipping copper treatments if soil tests showed plenty left from the year before. Crop rotation plays a role, helping keep copper in check and spreading out risks from disease. Agricultural extension services help growers sample soil and interpret lab reports so decisions don’t rely on guesswork.
Getting the Most from Copper Sulfate—Without the Pitfalls
The best results come from careful measurement and precise timing. Application off the back of a sprayer or spreader beats dumping by hand because it controls where and how much lands in the field. Modern farming leans on soil tests to pinpoint need, aiming for a yield boost without overloading the ground.
Copper sulfate can be a dependable tool in the ag toolbox. Farmers who respect the risks and follow tested recommendations get healthier crops and livestock, sidestep pollution, and make the most of every acre. For every corner of the farm, judgment and common sense still beat shortcuts.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate |
| Other names |
Blue vitriol
Bluestone Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Cupric sulfate pentahydrate Roman vitriol |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkɒp.ər ˈsʌl.feɪt ˌpɛn.təˈhaɪ.dreɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 7758-99-8 |
| Beilstein Reference | 3598010 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:31440 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1200827 |
| ChemSpider | 24249 |
| DrugBank | DB14597 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03b5b6b6-50ea-4462-b7b3-1ca2f5a6f953 |
| EC Number | 231-847-6 |
| Gmelin Reference | 84152 |
| KEGG | C00381 |
| MeSH | D003937 |
| PubChem CID | 24851538 |
| RTECS number | GL8900000 |
| UNII | V1Q2OJ9ZAA |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DF6V93K5UF |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | CuSO4·5H2O |
| Molar mass | 249.68 g/mol |
| Appearance | Blue crystalline solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 2.284 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | 23.1 g/100 mL (20 °C) |
| log P | -2.19 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 5.0 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 8.5 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | '−3.87 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol' |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.526 |
| Dipole moment | 0 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 342.5 J/(mol·K) |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -2277.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -2275 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A06AD01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye irritation, harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362+P364, P391, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-2-2 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 1,250 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral-rat 300 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | TC38546 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 1 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 6-8 kg/ha |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | >IDLH: 100 mg/m³ |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Copper(I) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate anhydrous Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) sulfate Zinc sulfate |
